Categories of the Islāmic Wars

In order to attain a complete insight into the initial Islāmic wars it is also necessary to understand, as has been alluded to in the above-mentioned Qur’ānic verses and other historical accounts, that all the Islāmic wars were not of the same type. Rather, they occurred due to varying factors. For example, some wars were for the purpose of protection and self-defense, i.e., the intention of the Holy Prophet(sa) was to save Islām and the Muslims from the persecution of the Quraish and destruction. Others were for the establishment of peace, i.e., their purpose was to remove persecution in the land and establish peace. Some were for the purpose of establishing religious freedom. Others were retributive in nature, i.e., their fundamental purpose was to punish a nation, tribe or party for a horrible crime, cruelty, oppression or treachery. Some were political, i.e., their purpose was to support an ally tribe or due to another political requirement of this nature. There were others, which had more than one purpose and objective in view. For example, they were defensive and retributive also, or political as well as for the establishment of peace, so on and so forth. This is very crucial knowledge, which some historians are unaware of. As a result, they have attempted to classify all of these wars under the same category and have consequently stumbled. At this instance, it is also necessary to allude to the fact that in the above-mentioned discussion, we have generally touched upon the purpose of defense and protection only. The reason for this is because the commencement of Jihād was primarily due to this purpose, as is evident from the initial Qur’ānic verse. The remaining purposes slowly and gradually came about according to the circumstances at hand.