Geographers acknowledge the fact that external winds can reach Arabia from two directions alone: the north-east and south-west. However, there exists nothing but dry land on both sides; therefore, the winds that enter Arabia are naturally dry and devoid of moisture. It is for this very reason that there is a dearth of rain in the country. However, mountainous regions still extract the little moisture that these incoming winds bring, and due to this fact, some rainfall does occur in these regions as well. The passing of the Tropic of Cancer through the centre of this country also contributes to its desert condition and shortage of water. To geographers it is not hidden that a region of this type, with regards to constant winds, is a zone of placidity. Therefore, it must be generally stated that Arabia is an arid country. Due to its location and land type, it is a country of scorching temperature. Hence, ultimately, its overall climate is to be recognized as hot and dry.
In Arabia, the temperature during day and night drastically differ, the cause of which is an abundance of sand. Sand burns exceedingly during the day and becomes very cold during the night after rapidly releasing its heat. An abundance of dew is also attributed to this phenomenon. At times, a hot wind of a certain type blows in Arabia, which is referred to as Samūm. When this wind blows, it causes complete darkness, and due to heavy sand concentration, often results in significant damage to lives and property. During the winter season the temperature drops significantly in various parts of the country. Therefore, we shall see ahead that the season in which the Holy Prophetsa was confronted with the Battle of the Ditch, the temperature of Madīnah was so bitterly cold as the people were benumbed by its severity, and to leave one’s bed required exceptional magnanimity. However, during the summer season, this very region would burn like a furnace.